Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by various factors including viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption, autoimmune diseases, medications, toxins, and metabolic disorders. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause and is classified into several types, notably hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Each type is caused by a different virus and has distinct modes of transmission and clinical implications.

Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and generally resolve on their own with supportive care. Hepatitis B, C, and D are primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, such as through shared needles, unprotected sex, or from mother to child during childbirth. These types can become chronic infections and lead to serious liver complications such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer if left untreated.

Symptoms of hepatitis can vary but may include fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect viral markers and assess liver function, as well as imaging studies like ultrasound to evaluate liver health.

Treatment for hepatitis depends on the type and severity of the infection. Hepatitis A and E usually resolve on their own, while hepatitis B, C, and D may require antiviral medications to suppress the virus and prevent complications. Vaccination is available to prevent hepatitis A and B infections, and preventive measures such as practicing safe sex and avoiding sharing needles can reduce the risk of hepatitis transmission.