Band ligation, often referred to as endoscopic band ligation (EBL), is a medical procedure used primarily to treat esophageal varices, which are enlarged veins in the esophagus that can bleed. These varices are commonly associated with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The procedure involves the use of an endoscope, a flexible tube with a camera and light at the end, which is inserted through the mouth and guided down to the esophagus.

During band ligation, small elastic bands are placed around the base of the varices using a specialized attachment on the endoscope. These bands constrict the blood flow to the varices, causing them to shrink and eventually fall off, reducing the risk of bleeding. The procedure is typically performed under sedation to ensure patient comfort.

Band ligation is preferred due to its efficacy, safety, and minimal invasiveness compared to other treatments like sclerotherapy. It is a critical intervention for preventing life-threatening hemorrhage in patients with esophageal varices. Multiple sessions may be required to completely eradicate the varices, and follow-up endoscopies are often necessary to monitor the treatment's effectiveness and check for recurrence.